{"id":2312,"date":"2019-06-07T07:43:17","date_gmt":"2019-06-07T05:43:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ecochain.com\/blogs\/impact-categories-lca\/"},"modified":"2025-03-12T04:13:38","modified_gmt":"2025-03-12T04:13:38","slug":"impact-categories-lca","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecochain.com\/nl\/blog\/impact-categories-lca\/","title":{"rendered":"Impact Categories (LCA): The Complete Overview"},"content":{"rendered":"

Impact categories help us make actionable statements about how Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions<\/a> influence the environment.<\/p>\n

Actionable<\/strong>\u00a0is a very important aspect here. Environmental sciences are immensely complex. Thus, when companies try to become more sustainable, they have to define\u00a0what they mean by that<\/em>.<\/p>\n

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Definition: What are impact categories in LCA?<\/h2>\n

An impact category groups different emissions into one effect on the environment.<\/p>\n

However, to fully understand impact categories, we need to have a basic understanding of Life Cycle Assessments<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Quick recap: Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)<\/h3>\n

A\u00a0Life Cycle Assessment (short LCA)<\/a>\u00a0is the standardized method of calculating the impact of, for example, a product on the environment.<\/p>\n

During the course of the LCA, a large amount of emission data is collected: emissions from energy production, the waste produced, the raw material production, etc.<\/p>\n

Role of Impact Categories in an LCA<\/h3>\n

These emissions come in different shapes and formats since the emissions from harvesting raw materials are very different from the emissions from producing electricity.<\/p>\n

This is where impact categories come into place. During the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)<\/a> of an LCA, we try to unite these different emissions into actionable numbers. Meaning: different emissions that cause the same impact- are converted<\/strong> into one unit<\/strong> that translates into one impact category<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

For example, the impact category \u2018climate change\u2019 is expressed in kg CO\u2082 equivalents (kg CO\u2082-eq). However,\u00a0other greenhouse gas emissions than carbon emissions (CO\u2082) cause climate change as well. Such as methane (CH\u2084), or laughing gas (N\u2082O).<\/p>\n

By expressing these other GHG emissions with different measuring units in kg CO\u2082 equivalents<\/strong>. An impact category makes it possible to come to a single metric for climate change.<\/p>\n

KPI for the environment<\/h3>\n

You are probably familiar with the concept of Key Performance Indicators, or KPIs, that measure the success of a business.<\/p>\n

Impact categories can serve a similar function. They group complex data into accessible numbers \u2013 numbers that give a concrete picture of what the impact actually is.<\/p>\n

All the impact categories (overview)<\/h2>\n

Table 1 gives you an overview of the 15 environmental impact categories<\/strong>, which unit they are measured in, and what they describe. Below them, you will find Table 2-4 which includes additional parameters and indicators<\/strong> you have to report on for the use of resources, waste types and output flows of materials & energy.<\/p>\n

Both the 15 categories and the parameters & indicators are all taken from the EN15804 (A1+A2)<\/a> standard for LCA\u2019s in the construction sector. Other impact assessment methods (such as the PEF 3.0<\/a>) exist as well, which use slightly different categories. However, EN15804 +A2<\/a> gives a good general overview.<\/p>\n

Good to note:<\/strong> last year the EN15804 standard was updated to EN15804 + A2 (2019). This resulted in quite some other changes. Find these new adaptations here<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Table 1. Environmental impacts<\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Impact category \/ Indicator<\/strong><\/td>\nUnit<\/strong><\/td>\nDescription<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Climate change \u2013 total, fossil, biogenic and land use<\/td>\nkg CO2<\/sub>-eq<\/td>\nIndicator of potential global warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases to the air. Divided into 3 subcategories based on the emission source: (1) fossil resources, (2) bio-based resources and (3) land use change.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ozone depletion<\/td>\nkg CFC-11-eq<\/td>\nIndicator of emissions to air that causes the destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Acidification<\/td>\nkg mol H+<\/td>\nIndicator of the potential acidification of soils and water due to the release of gases such as nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Eutrophication \u2013 freshwater<\/td>\nkg PO4<\/sub>-eq<\/td>\nindicator of the enrichment of the freshwater ecosystem with nutritional elements, due to the emission of nitrogen or phosphor-containing compounds<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Eutrophication \u2013 marine<\/td>\nKg N-eq<\/td>\nIndicator of the enrichment of the marine ecosystem with nutritional elements, due to the emission of nitrogen-containing compounds.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Eutrophication \u2013 terrestrial<\/td>\nmol N-eq<\/td>\nIndicator of the enrichment of the terrestrial ecosystem with nutritional elements, due to the emission of nitrogen-containing compounds.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Photochemical ozone formation<\/td>\nkg NMVOC-eq<\/td>\nIndicators of emissions of gases that affect the creation of photochemical ozone in the lower atmosphere (smog) catalysed by sunlight.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Depletion of abiotic resources \u2013 minerals and metals<\/td>\nkg Sb-eq<\/td>\nIndicator of the depletion of natural non-fossil resources.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Depletion of abiotic resources \u2013 fossil fuels<\/td>\nMJ, net calorific value<\/td>\nIndicator of the depletion of natural fossil fuel resources.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Human toxicity \u2013 cancer, non-cancer<\/td>\nCTUh<\/td>\nImpact on humans of toxic substances emitted to the environment. Divided into non-cancer and cancer-related toxic substances.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Eco-toxicity (freshwater)<\/td>\nCTUe<\/td>\nImpact on freshwater organisms of toxic substances emitted to the environment.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Water use<\/td>\nm3 world eq. deprived<\/td>\nIndicator of the relative amount of water used, based on regionalized water scarcity factors.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Land use<\/td>\nDimensionless<\/td>\nMeasure of the changes in soil quality (Biotic production, Erosion resistance, Mechanical filtration).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ionising radiation, human health<\/td>\nkBq U-235<\/td>\nDamage to human health and ecosystems linked to the emissions of radionuclides.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Particulate matter emissions<\/td>\nDisease incidence<\/td>\nIndicator of the potential incidence of disease due to particulate matter emissions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Table 2.<\/strong> Parameters that describe resources used<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Parameter<\/strong><\/td>\nUnit<\/strong><\/td>\nDescription<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Primary renewable energy (materials)<\/td>\nMJ<\/td>\nUse of renewable primary energy resources as raw materials<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Primary renewable energy (energy)<\/td>\nMJ<\/td>\nUse of renewable primary energy, excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Primary renewable energy (total)<\/td>\nMJ<\/td>\nSum of the two values above<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Primary non-renewable energy (materials)<\/td>\nMJ<\/td>\nUse of non-renewable primary energy resources as raw materials<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Primary non-renewable energy (energy)<\/td>\nMJ<\/td>\nUse of non-renewable primary energy, excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Primary non-renewable energy (total)<\/td>\nMJ<\/td>\nSum of the two values above<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Use of secondary material<\/td>\nkg<\/td>\nMaterial recovered from previous use or from waste which substitutes primary materials<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Use of freshwater<\/td>\nm3<\/sup><\/td>\nFreshwater use in absolute values<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Use of renewable secondary fuels<\/td>\nMJ<\/td>\nRenewable fuel recovered from previous use or from waste which substitutes primary fuels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Use of non-renewable secondary fuels<\/td>\nMJ<\/td>\nNon-renewable fuel recovered from previous use or from waste which substitutes primary fuels<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Table 3.<\/strong> Other environmental information:<\/strong> Waste type<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Indicator<\/strong><\/td>\nUnit<\/strong><\/td>\nDescription<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hazardous waste disposed<\/td>\nkg<\/td>\nHazardous waste has a certain degree of toxicity that necessitates special treatment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Non-hazardous waste disposed<\/td>\nkg<\/td>\nNon-hazardous waste is non-toxic and similar to household waste. It consists of inert waste and ordinary household waste<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Radioactive waste disposed<\/td>\nkg<\/td>\nRadioactive waste mainly originates from nuclear energy reactors<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Table 4. Other environmental information:<\/strong><\/strong> Output flows<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Indicator<\/strong><\/td>\nUnit<\/strong><\/td>\nDescription<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Components for re-use<\/td>\nkg<\/td>\nMaterial or components leaving the modelled system boundary which is destined for reuse<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Materials for recycling<\/td>\nkg<\/td>\nMaterial leaving the modelled system boundary which is destined for recycling<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Materials for energy recovery<\/td>\nkg<\/td>\nMaterial leaving the modelled system boundary which is destined for use in power stations using secondary fuels (minimum energy efficiency 60% or 65% for installations opened after 2008)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Energy production<\/td>\nMJ<\/td>\nEnergy exported from waste incineration and landfill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Environmental Cost Indicator: One indicator for all impact categories<\/h3>\n

Impact categories are not the be-all and end-all of measuring environmental impacts. In many cases, it makes sense to translate them into one aggregated metric, that makes the data comparable.<\/p>\n

One popular metric for this is the Environmental Cost Indicator (ECI). You can learn more about ECI in our article about it<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Impact categories help us make actionable statements about how Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions influence the environment. Actionable\u00a0is a very important aspect here. Environmental sciences are immensely complex. Thus, when companies try to become more sustainable, they have to define\u00a0what they mean by that. Definition: What are impact categories in LCA? An impact category groups different […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":90,"featured_media":2313,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[71],"tags":[],"industries":[],"use-cases":[],"departments":[],"class_list":["post-2312","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-life-cycle-assessment-lca"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nImpact Categories (LCA) \u2013 The complete overview | Ecochain<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover what impact categories are measured by a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and which ones you need to take into account for your product footprint.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ecochain.com\/nl\/blog\/impact-categories-lca\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"nl_NL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Impact Categories (LCA) - Overview\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Impact categories help us understand how a product impacts our environment. 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