{"id":1668,"date":"2023-03-21T16:35:57","date_gmt":"2023-03-21T15:35:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ecochain.com\/blogs\/end-of-life-eol-in-lca\/"},"modified":"2025-11-10T10:49:29","modified_gmt":"2025-11-10T10:49:29","slug":"end-of-life-eol-in-lca","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ecochain.com\/nl\/blog\/end-of-life-eol-in-lca\/","title":{"rendered":"End-of-life (EoL) in LCA: Impacts of Waste and Benefits of Recycling"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The End-of-Life (EoL) is the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ecochain.com\/blog\/input-data-for-lca\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">5th product life-cycle phase<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in LCA: it\u2019s the \u201cgrave\u201d. Frightful (at first sight) as its name implies, this phase causes emissions and frowning faces alike.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It has two main challenges: <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>1.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> How do you find out what happens to your product after it\u2019s discarded? <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>2.<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> How do you account for recycled materials\u2019 environmental benefits?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Understanding the principles underlying EoL modeling will make this phase so much easier to tackle! Thus, here you\u2019ll learn:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How EoL \u2013 generally \u2013 is modeled\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How to find input data for EoL<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How EoL recycling is modeled (with our special guest: the construction industry)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How to approach EoL<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Your product enters EoL when it is either:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Processed as waste:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> generally incinerated or landfilled, sometimes composted or left standing.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li aria-level=\"1\"><b>Recycled or reused in another product.<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Your task is to:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Map your product system:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> find out what scenario applies to which part of our product.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Model these processes in your LCA software:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by linking them to environmental data.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Let\u2019s look at these steps in more detail!<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Collecting data for EoL<\/strong><\/h3>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1. Map your product system at EoL<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What happens to your product at the end of its life?\u00a0 Find out which parts, percentages, or amounts of material are processed in which way. You\u2019re essentially doing data collection \u2013 read up on this <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ecochain.com\/blog\/input-data-for-lca\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You know this with certainty when you yourself are responsible for EoL-processing. E.g. when you have a take-back system for your product, like <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ecochain.com\/blog\/key-learnings-from-3-sustainable-apparel-frontrunners\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mud-jeans<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who recycle their jeans.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Having raw primary data on your EoL processes is the most accurate \u2013 and will result in the most accurate LCA results for EoL.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Otherwise, you need to make assumptions. Base those on industry data or waste statistics*, such as (from most to least specific):\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(National) Industry averages, e.g. the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/milieudatabase.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Forfaitaire_waarden_mei_2022.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environmental Database <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of the Dutch construction industry. Unfortunately, such clear data doesn\u2019t exist in most industries.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">National waste statistics\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/web\/waste\/data\/database\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">European<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or other continent\u2019s waste statistics<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Making an assumption that actually reflects your product can be difficult. But really: a best guess is already great here! And if you can\u2019t find helpful data, our Ecochain specialists can (help you) do this research.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">*<\/span><\/i> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Waste statistics tell you how much of a material gets recycled\/burned\/landfilled in this industry\/country\/etc.<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>2. Link your product system to environmental data<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Find out which processes take place at EoL, and link them to environmental (also called LCI-) data in your LCA software. There is abundant <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ecochain.com\/blog\/primary-vs-secondary-data-in-lca\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">secondary <\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">data on standard waste- and recycling processes in LCI Databases.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Great! You already learned how you deal with EoL in a nutshell!\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But, EoL gets complicated in one other aspect: modeling recycling. Are you ready?\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_26508\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 650px;\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26508\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-26508\" src=\"https:\/\/ecochain.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/nareeta-martin-FoG7PKNYjpM-unsplash-300x200-1.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" srcset=\"\" alt=\"EoL in LCA - Ecochain\" width=\"650\" height=\"433\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-26508\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">How is your product wasted? \u2013 Ecochain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><strong>Modeling the environmental benefits of recycling<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When you incinerate or recycle materials, they can become useful! Burning wastes releases usable energy and heat. And recycling materials produces \u201cnew\u201d materials. Thus, we gain so-called \u201csecondary products\u201d in our EoL-phase. (Newly extracted resources are called \u2018primary resources\u2019.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Secondary products have their own life cycle. Their impacts need to be carefully separated from your initial product\u2019s impacts. Thus, often improving the LCA results of your initial product.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LCA methodology differs in recycling<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Where we <\/span><b>draw the line between the initial product and secondary product(s)<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">depends on the LCA guideline we follow. The ISO guidelines give room for movement, allowing several <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ecoinvent.org\/the-ecoinvent-database\/system-models\/#!\/allocation\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">system models<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">System models are a deep rabbit hole of LCA methodology. It suffices to know that <\/span><b>at Ecochain, we use the system model \u201cCut-off\u201d. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A variation of \u201ccut-off\u201d is also used in EN15804 for construction-related LCAs. Product environmental footprints (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ecochain.com\/blog\/product-environmental-footprint\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PEF method<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) require another system model (called <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ecochain.com\/blog\/cradle-to-cradle-in-lca\/#:~:text=product%20declarations.-,50%3A50%20approach,-Recycled%20materials%20have\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201c50:50\u201d<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), which we won\u2019t cover here.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>The \u201cCut-off\u201d model of EoL-recycling\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Cut-off model \u201ccuts off\u201d the secondary product\u2019s impacts from the initial product at the point <\/span><b>where the secondary product gains economic value.\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The point of cut-off comes with the question: <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">would someone pay for the material in this state? <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">E.g. you can\u2019t sell sorted plastic waste, but make recycled plastic granules and sell those.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All impacts before this \u201ccut-off-point\u201d (e.g. recycling processes, producing granules) count towards the<\/span><b> initial product<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Secondary products go into their second life-cycle \u201cburden free\u201d, without production- or extraction impacts. Thus, using recycled input materials leads to much lower impacts than using virgin materials.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now let\u2019s take the construction industry as an example.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>EoL example: the EN15804\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The EN15804* is the basis for construction-related LCAs. Its modules C and D deal with EoL.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Module C: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">deals with the impacts of demolition, waste processing, and recycling processes.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Module D: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gives you credits and penalties for processes lying beyond your primary product\u2019s life cycle. This makes EN15804 different from the standard \u201cCut-off\u201d method, which doesn\u2019t give credits and penalties.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">*<\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> And <\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0ISO_21930_2017, the norm it\u2019s derived from.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Credits in Module D<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recycling (or burning) materials in Module C gains you<\/span><b>\u00a0credits<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the produced material (or energy) in Module D**! Credits amount to the environmental impacts of a \u201craw material equivalent\u201d \u2013 the impacts that producing an equivalent amount of material (or energy) of the secondary product from virgin materials (called primary products) or fuel would have. These credits are \u201cnegative impacts\u201d, deduced from your LCA.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">** To claim credits for producing secondary materials or energy, you need to prove that your recycling scenario is likely to actually happen! The specifics for that are written in BMB 2.6.3.9 (BMB = Bepalingsmethode Milieuprestatie Bouwwerken).<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Penalties in Module D<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Instead of deducing impacts, Module D can also add impacts to your LCA, as a penalty for \u201dlosing\u201d recycled input materials.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, you use recycled plastic as input for your primary product. However, only 30% of that will be recycled at EoL. This means you lose 70% of the recycled plastic. Therefore, lost material\u2019s \u201craw material equivalent\u201d production impacts are added to your LCA. These penalties make sure that production impacts are not lost from accounting.<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ready to measure your product\u2019s EoL? Make your first LCA in Ecochain. <a href=\"https:\/\/ecochain.com\/mobius\/\">Read more about Ecochain here.\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"elementor elementor-22801\" data-elementor-type=\"section\" data-elementor-id=\"22801\">\n<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1774ed6a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1774ed6a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5642ec7e\" data-id=\"5642ec7e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-492d9c70 elementor-cta--skin-cover elementor-widget elementor-widget-call-to-action\" data-id=\"492d9c70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"call-to-action.default\">\n<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"elementor-cta__bg-overlay\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-cta__content\">\n<h2 class=\"elementor-cta__title elementor-cta__content-item elementor-content-item\">Measuring Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) was never this easy with Ecochain.<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"blog-button\" href=\"https:\/\/ecochain.com\/mobius\/\">More about Ecochain<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<p><em><strong>References<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/ecochain.com\/blog\/input-data-for-lca\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Data collection<\/span><\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/ecochain.com\/blog\/input-data-for-lca\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Life cycle phases in LCA<\/span><\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/milieudatabase.nl\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Bepalingsmethode_Milieuprestatie_Bouwwerken_maart_2022_Engels.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Environmental Performance Assessment Method for Construction Works<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Bepalingsmethode Milieuprestatie Bouwwerken, based on EN15804).<\/span><\/em><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/ecoinvent.org\/the-ecoinvent-database\/system-models\/#!\/allocation\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">System models in LCA<\/span><\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The End-of-Life (EoL) is the 5th product life-cycle phase in LCA: it\u2019s the \u201cgrave\u201d. Frightful (at first sight) as its name implies, this phase causes emissions and frowning faces alike.\u00a0 It has two main challenges: 1. How do you find out what happens to your product after it\u2019s discarded? 2. How do you account for [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":91,"featured_media":1669,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[71],"tags":[],"industries":[14,15,16,17,18],"use-cases":[21,24],"departments":[25,26,27,28,29],"class_list":["post-1668","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-life-cycle-assessment-lca","industries-apparel","industries-construction","industries-food-beverage","industries-other","industries-packaging","use-cases-lca","use-cases-sustainable-supply-chain","departments-commercial","departments-other","departments-production","departments-rd","departments-sustainability"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Impacts of waste &amp; benefits of recycling for LCAs | Ecochain<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"End-of-Life is the last life cycle stage of a product. 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